I understand your skepticism. Allow me to change that.
I've just run a few tests. All difficulty settings enabled except for (obviously) limited fuel. Set engines to 100% throttle, turn on level stabilizer, set 256x time warp, and switch out of the game window so that it's in the background, but still visible. By deselecting the game window, the possibility of joystick defects causing random throttle spikes is ruled out, as the game doesn't read inputs from keyboard, mouse, or joystick when there's a different window selected.
The aircraft selected for testing were the Meteor Mk. IV, the Go 229 A-1, the F-84G-1, and the Me 262 A-1a. Here's the testing data:
Meteor Mk. IV:
Test 1: after ~100 minutes elapsed game time, 2nd engine suffers from decreased RPM
Test 2: after ~90 minutes elapsed game time, 2nd engine suffers from decreased RPM
Test 3: after ~250 minutes elapsed game time, 1st engine suffers from decreased RPM
Test 4: after ~260 minutes elapsed game time, 2nd engine smokes and suffers from decreased RPM
Go 229 A-1:
Test 1: after ~260 minutes elapsed game time, 2nd engine suffers from decreased RPM
Test 2: after ~540 minutes elapsed game time, 2nd engine suffers from decreased RPM
Test 3: after ~140 minutes elapsed game time, 1st engine catches fire and exploded, destroying the aircraft
Test 4: after ~80 minutes elapsed game time, 2nd engine suffers from decreased RPM
F-84G-1:
Test 1: after ~130 minutes elapsed game time, engine smokes and suffers from decreased RPM
Test 2: after ~350 minutes elapsed game time, engine catches fire and suffers from decreased RPM
Test 3: after ~320 minutes elapsed game time, engine suffers from decreased RPM
Test 4: after ~140 minutes elapsed game time, engine catches fire and suffers from decreased RPM
Me 262 A-1a:
Test 1: after ~100 minutes elapsed game time, 1st engine suffers from decreased RPM
Test 2: after ~90 minutes elapsed game time, 2nd engine suffers from decreased RPM
Test 3: after ~110 minutes elapsed game time, 2nd engine catches fire and suffers from decreased RPM
Test 4: after ~90 minutes elapsed game time, 1st engine suffers from decreased RPM
You're right: it did seem anecdotal at first. For a while I thought I'd gone crazy and that I had moved the throttle without realizing, but after testing, it's confirmed. Jets take damage randomly, every single time. The amount of time it takes varies, and it can be quite a large amount of time, and it's very rare, but there's no denying the data: 100% success rate, jet engines from these planes will always take damage given enough time running.
Edit: bears mentioning, of course, that all mods were disabled for these tests.